Mind, Brain and Adaptation in the Nineteenth Century: Cerebral Localization and Its Biological Context from Gall to Ferrier
by
Robert M. Young
[ Contents | Preface | Introduction | Chapter: | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Bibliography ]
BIBLIOGRAPHY
In the brain, which we term the seat of reason, there is not anything of moment more than I can discover in the crany of a beast: and this is no inconsiderable argument of the inorganity of the soul, at least in the sense we generally so receive it. Thus we are men, and we know not how.
Sir Thomas Browne, c. 1635.
It remains sadly true that most of our present understanding would remain as valid and useful if, for all we knew, the cranium were stuffed with cotton wadding.
Gerard, 1949.
It would be tedious and pointless to list all the works which have been examined or consulted in the course of this study, even though a comprehensive bibliography on nineteenth-century psychology and neurology is an important desideratum today. The bibliography of Benjamin Rand (Baldwin, 1901, III) is the most convenient single source which has appeared, while Current Work in the History of Medicine, Psychological Abstracts, and the Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences provide valuable guides to current literature. I have listed only those works which are cited in the text or notes, or which have contributed directly to the writing of this book. On the other hand, I have refrained from mentioning numerous works which are either useless or actively misleading. It seems to me that the first duty of a hospital is not to spread disease.
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INDEX
There is an exceedingly subtle and insidious danger in positivism. If you cannot avoid metaphysics, what kind of metaphysics are you likely to cherish when you sturdily suppose yourself to be free from the adomination? Of course it goes without saying that in this case your metaphysics will be held uncritically because it is unconscious; moreover, it will be passed on to others far more readily than your other notions inasmuch as it will be propagated by insinuation rather than by direct argument
E. A Burtt, 1932, p. 225.
Now it may well be that science, despite its rejection of final causes, reveals the presence and functioning of values in the fundamental categories it selects and the way it applies them. If so, than an adequate scientific metaphysic will not be able to manage without teleology in some form and it becomes a question of first-rate importance what that form is to be
Ibid., p. 308
Ablation, 4, 26, 32, 34, 35, 47, 48, 48n, 50-2, 58-70, 91, 226, 233, 235, 240.
Academie de Médicine, 139
ACKERKNECKT, E., vii, xi, 34n
activity spontaneous, 98, 113, 115, 120, 125-7, 131, 183.
ALLPORT, G., 132n-133n
ANDRAL, G., 147, 227
anecdotal method, 4, 37-9, 41, 45, 78, 231
aphasia, 6, 108, 110, ch. 4, 196n, 206n, 207, 221, 245
aphemia, 142, 142n, 145, 206n
ARISTOTLE, 14, 93, 129
articulate language, faculty of, see aphasia, 13, 43, 45, 85, 104, 110, ch. 4, 205-7, 221, 240, 242-3, 245, 251
artificial identity of interests, 154, 158, 170
association of ideas, associationism, ix-x, 4-5, 7, 31, 53-4, 81, 86, 90, 91, 94-100 ch. 3, ch. 5, 200, 202, 204, 206, 210, 212n, 217, 222, 224, 241
associative memory, 192
astrology, 46, 88n, 92
AUBURTIN, E., 140-1, 145-6
BACON, Sir F., Baconion method, 38-9, 45, 45n-46n, 83, 123
BAER, K. E. von, 168, 168n
BAIN, A., x, 6-7, 46n, 94, 96, 96n, 98-100, ch. 3, 150-1, 164-5, 177, 178n, 180, 182-5, 190, 192-5, 197, 200, 206-7, 209, 212n, 220, 224, 240, 243, 246-7, 249, 251
BASTIAN, H. C., 219
BATEMAN, F., 23
BEEVOR, C. E., 235
behaviour, 6, 98, 120
behaviourism, x, 7, 73-4, 132, 186, 192-3
BELL, Sir C., see Bell-Magendie law, 47, 58, 77, 79, 92
BELL-MAGENDIE law, 5, 46, 67, 77-80, 77n-78n, 92-4, 111-12, 118, 200-2, 204, 211, 213, 223, 241, 246
BENNETT, H., 244
BENTHAM, J., 153, 155-6
BERNARD, C., 70, 78
BETZ, W., 219
BICHAT, X., 11, 75-6
bigeminal tubercles, 67-8
BORING, E. G., 116n, 120
BOUILLAUD, J. B., 135, 137-42, 137n, 145-8, 223, 227-8
BOWMAN, W., see Todd
Brain, 198, 238n
brain and behaviour research, x, 22-3, 32-3, 62, 247, 252
BRAY, C., 203n-204n
Bridgewater Treatises, 158n, 176
British Association, 206n, 212, 219, 239
British Phrenological Society, Inc., xi, 152n
BROADBENT, W., 219
BROCA, P. P., x, 6-7, 23, 42n, 108, 121, ch. 4, 206, 206n, 223, 227-8, 240, 243
BROUSSAIS, F. J. V., 43
BROWN, T., see Scottish Faculty Psychology, 94, 97, 100, 102-3, 114, 122
BROWNE, Sir T., 253
274
BUFFON, G. L. L., 58, 63
BURTT, E. A., 1, 273
BUTLER, J., 130
CABANIS, P. J. C., see Ideology, 15, 20, 83, 84, 97
CARPENTER, W. B., 43n, 109, 112, 121, 123, 164, 168, 168n, 210-20
Cartesian mind-body dualism, viii, x, 1-3, 7-8, 19, 25, 29, 55, 71-2, 81-2, 90, 179, 194-5, 196n, 205-8, 216, 219, 232-3
caudate nucleus, 217
centrencephalic integrating system, 212n
cerebellum, 11, 47-51, 58, 60, 64, 67, 84, 87, 106, 111, 212n
cerebral dominance, 142
____ nomenclature, 141-2, 230
____ peduncles, 68, 87
chain of being, 4, 17, 34, 174, 203
CHALMERS, T., 158n
CHAMBERS, R., 10, 122, 162
character, 6, ch. 1, 121-33, 247
CHARCOT, J. M., 198n, 240
CHAUSSIER, 77
CLARKE, A. H., 230
clinico-pathological correlation, 35, 37, 135, 138, 140, 142, 145, 148, 222, 227, 236, 240
COLERIDGE, S. T., 159
Collège de France, 57
COMBE, G., 44, 105-6, 108, 122-4, 126, 152, 154, 157, 158n, 170
Committee of the National Institute, 25, 56-7, 80-3
comparative anatomy, 26, 62-3, 89, 168n, 230, 235
____ psychology, 3, 16-19, 27, 34-6, 39, 53, 98, 125, 131, 173-4, 177, 185, 190-2, 204, 212n.
COMTE, A., 99n, 123, 196n, 211
concomitance, Jackson’s doctrine of, see psychophysical parallelism
CONDILLAC, E. B. de, 13, 15, 72, 83-4, 86, 90, 94, 114, 120, 132, 177-18, 185, 195, 195n
conditioned reflex, 193
continuity principle of, 7-8, 54, 169, 172, 179, 199, 201, 204, 212, 220, 235
contractility, 65-6
convulsion, see epilepsy, 67-8, 214, 227, 229, 238, 244
coordination, see cerebellum, 67, 106
corpus callosum, 67, 91
____ striatum, 67, 87, 90, 111-13, 144, 207, 210-11, 213-16, 218-21, 220n, 227, 241n
correlative method, 4, 6, 54, 58, 78, 126, 140, 148, 231
CORVISART, J. N., 77
cranial nerves, 23, 85
craniology, see cranioscopy
cranioscopy, 3, ch. 1, 54, 88, 88n, 104, 136, 141, 148, 153, 156-7, 239
creation, special, 167, 175-6, 179
CRICHTON-BROWNE, Sir J., 214, 238n
CROMBIE, A. C., 101, 134
CUDWORTH, R., 157
CUVIER, G., (J.L.N.F.), 47, 56-9, 63, 66, 81, 168n, 174
DARWIN, C., 17, 44-5, 53, 55, 89, 110, 120, 128, 132, 133n, 168n, 169n, 176-7, 188-92, 194, 196, 198, 247
DARWIN, E., 96n, 114, 116-18
DAX, M., 142n, 147
DESCARTES, R., see Cartesian mind-body dualism, 5, 15, 22, 43, 71-3, 95, 97, 178
developmental psychology, 184-5, 190-1
DEWEY, J., 193, 234, 251
dissolution, 199
DOMOUTIER, J., 43
dreams, 69
DU BOIS-REYMOND, E., 89
ECKHARD, C., 227
Edinburgh Review, 99
Edwin Smith Papyrus, 20
electrical excitability, 6, 68, 103, 109, 150, 210, 214-15, 218-19, 222-3, ch. 7, ch. 8
ELIOT, G., 162, 203n
ELLIOTSON, J., 152, 152n
embryology, see von Baer, 140, 161
emotions, 98, 105, 110-11, 126-8, 181-5, 190, 199-201
empiricism, 54, 95, 99-100, 175, 180, 182-3
epilepsy, see convulsion, 145, 198n, 210, 219, 221-2, 236, 238
epistemology, 2, 12, 15-16, 21, 94-6, 98, 113, 120, 169, 173-4, 181, 190-2
equipotentiality, cerebral, 46, 69, 70, 72-3, 90, 139, 146-9, 223, 226, 231-3, 240
ERASISTRATUS, 93
ethology (animal behaviour), x, 29, 186, 247, 252
____(J. S. Mill’s science of character), 123, 132, 133n, 164
evolution, ix, 3-8, 17, 35, 44-5, 54-5, 83, 94, 108, 110, 128, ch. 5, 199-201, 204-5, 220, 235-6, 249-51
excitability, cerebral, see electrical excitability, 90, 121, ch. 7, ch. 8
experimental method, ix, 4-5, 37-54, 58-88, 140, 148, 192, 231, 238
extrapyramidal system, see corpus striatum, 217
275
Faculties, speculative, viii, 2-3, 10-11, 18-19, 26, 31, 36, 51, 53-4, 62-3, 69, 71, 84-5, 87, 92, 104, 125, 128-30, 166, 172, 180-1, 186, 207-8, 213-14, 249
faculty psychology, 6, ch. 1, 71-3, 86, 93, 95, 113, 125, 127-31, 142-3, 152-6, 160-7, 174, 180, 182, 186, 203, 209, 246, 250
factor analysis, x
falsificationist methodology, 40-1
FARADAY, M., 116n
fatalism, 73, 96
FERRIER, Sir D., ix-x, 7-8, 23, 43-4, 46, 52-4, 94-7, 101, 108-10, 134, 142-3, 146-9, 151, 194, 196, 198, 205, 209-10, 214, 219, 224, 228n, 232-3, ch. 8, 249
FLOURENS, M-J-P., 5-6, 20, 22, 24n-25n, 27, 33, 45-9, 51, 55-75, 77n, 78-80, 88-91, 103, 112, 114, 116, 118, 121, 139-40, 144, 146, 149, 200, 206, 210, 213, 215, 216, 223, 225-6, 228-9, 231-3, 235, 242, 245
forms of thought, 176, 180
FOSTER, Sir M., xi, 29, 64, 219, 237
FRANÇOIS-FRANCK, C. E. 234
FRANZ, S. I., 46, 62
Fraser’s Magazine, 123
French Academy of Sciences, 56-7, 63, 70, 77-8
FREUD, S., 133n, 146n, 196n, 198n, 208n
FRITSCH, G., see Hitzig, ch. 7, esp. 225
frontal air sinuses, 42
____ lobes, 32, 43, ch. 4, 242
functional psychology, 13, 17, 20-1, 84, 159, 160, 167, 171-2, 184, 191, 191n, 194-5, 250-1
functionalism, see functional psychology
GALEN, 10, 22, 93, 219
GALL, F. J., ix-xi. 3-5, ch. 1, 54-61, 63, 70-4, 76-7, 79-83, 85, 87, 88, 88n, 90-2, 91n, 106, 122-5, 128, 134, 136-41, 146, 148, 151, 152n, 154, 157, 164, 170, 172-6, 179, 182, 186, 190, 196n, 202-3, 209, 212n, 228, 235, 238n, 239, 242-3, 245-50, 252
GALILEI, G., 76
GALTON, Sir F., 41, 128
GAY, J., 5, 95-6, 156, 176-7
genetic method, 179, 185, 209
geology, see Lyell, 8
GERARD, R. W., 253
GLISSON, Sir F., 65
globus pallidus, 217
GODLEE, R., 244
GOLTZ, F. L., 46, 236, 240, 245
GOMBRICH, E. H., 101
graphology, 10
GRATIOLET, L. E. T., 139
greatest happiness principle, see Utilitarianism, 153, 155, 157-8
grey matter, 23, 91, 111, 221, 227
GROTE, G., 99n
GRUBER, H., 191n
GUTHRIE, E. R., 193
Habit, see association of ideas, 117-18, 176, 178, 186, 188
Haller, A. von, 51, 58-9, 64-5, 89, 200, 202, 210, 227
HAMILTON, Sir W., 98
HARTLEY, D., 5, 94-7, 97n, 100, 102-3, 114, 116n, 121, 154, 156, 164, 176, 212n
HARVEY, W., 80, 93
HEAD, Sir H., xi, ch. 4
HEBB, D. O., 27n
HELMHOLTZ, H. L. F., 89, 225n
HENLE, J., 89
HERBART, J. F., 22
Heredity, see inheritance
HEROPHILUS, 10, 93
hippocampus, 32
HIPPOCRATES, 20, 93, 135
HITZIG, E., x, 6-7, 23, 46, 54, 109, 121, 134, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148-9, 204n, 205, 210, 214n, 219-20, 223, ch. 7, 234-5, 237-8, 240, 243, 245
HOBBES, T., 94
HOLLANDER, B., 44, 238n
homogeneity to heterogeneity, 168, 168n, 171-2
HORSLEY, Sir V., 230n, 235
HUGO, V.,59
HUME, D., 45, 94, 97, 100, 102, 121
HUNT, J., 42n
HUTCHESON, F., 156-7, 176
HUTCHINSON, Sir J., 197, 198n-199n
HUXLEY, T. H., 45, 189, 211, 212n, 237
hydrocephalus, 23
hyperaemia, 215
Idéologues, see ideology, Cabanis, Tracy
ideology, 5, 15, 83, 84, 86, 90, 114
individual differences, 3, 19, 53, 124, 132, 155, 203
inheritance, 172, 175-8, 180, 183, 186-90, 195, 200
innate ideas, 15-16, 95-6, 173-4, 176, 178, 193n
innateness, see inheritance, 2-3, 12, 15, 19, 72, 96, 119, 126, 173, 178, 186
instinct, 15, 39, 51, 82, 88, 96, 102, 156, 158, 172, 174-9, 181-2, 188, 190-1, 200
integration, nervous, 236
internal capsule, 217-18
276
International Medical Congress, Seventh, 240
introspective method, 83, 94, 108-9, 125, 128, 131, 164, 185
irritability, 50, 53, 55, 63-6, 74, 91, 179, 214
JACKSON, J. H., x, 6-8, 23, 94, 96, 101, 108, 110, 121, 134, 143-4, 146n, 149-51, 191, 194, 196, ch. 6, 228n, 232-3, 236-7, 238n, 240-1, 243, 245
JAMES, W., see functional psychology, 150, 191, 194-5, 251
Jardin des Plantes, 57
JEFFERSON, Sir G., xi, 210-11
JONES, T. R., 167
Journal de Physiologie Expérimentale (et Pathologie), 77-8
KANT, E., 162
KIDD, J., 158n
KÖLLIKER, R. A., 89, 218
KOYRÉ, A., 54
LAMARCK, J. B. P. A., see ‘Lamarckianism’
‘Lamarckianism’, 162-3, 167, 172, 186-90
LANCEROTTE, 51
LASHLEY, K. S., 46, 62, 251
LAVATER, J. C., see physiognomy, 14, 74
law of effect. see activity, motion, 193
LAWRENCE, W., 9
LAYCOCK, T., 204, 204n
learning theory, 192
LEGALLOIS, C. J. J. C., 210
LEIBNIZ, G. W., 172
lenticular nucleus, 217
LEWES, G. H., 4, 8, 21n, 43, 46n, 94, 162-3, 165, 173, 203n, 250
LISTER, J., 244
LIVINGSTON, R. B., 249
LOCKE, J., 5, 14-17, 21-2, 54, 72, 83, 94-6, 100, 102, 114, 120, 162, 173, 179-80, 224
LOEB, J., 192
logic, see J. S. Mill, 98
London Phrenological Society, 152n
LONGET, F. A., 80, 210, 225
LORRY, A. C., 51, 59, 210
LOVEJOY, A. O., vii, xi, 17
LUCIANI, L., 235
LUYS, J.B., 211
LYELL, Sir C., 163, 167, 172
McDOUGALL, W., 133n
MACEWEN, Sir W., 244
MACKENZIE, W. L., 109
MAGENDIE, F., x, 5, 46, 58, 74-90, 92, 111, 114, 121, 206-7, 210, 225
MAGOUN, H. W., 195-6
MAITLAND, F. W., 249
MARIE, P., 145, 245
materialism, 56, 73, 90, 96-7, 122
MATTEUCCI, C., 225
Mechanics’ Mutual Instruction Class, 121
Medico-Chirurgical Review, 212
medulla oblongata, 49, 58, 64, 67-8, 86, 111-12, 116, 210, 213, 219
MERCIER, C., 198n-199n
mesmerism, see phreno-mesmerism, 152n
MEYNERT, T., 80, 146n, 188n, 228
MILL, J., 5, 94, 97-8, 99n, 100, 102, 114-15, 121, 154, 156, 185, 212n
MILL, J. S., 5, 46n, 94, 99, 99n, 100, 102-3, 111, 114-16, 119, 121, 123-4, 128, 132, 132n-133n, 150, 163-5, 177, 182, 211, 212n
MILNE-EDWARDS, H., 168, 168n
Mind, 101, 239
monomania, 36
Montyon Prize in experimental physiology, 57, 77-8
moral sense, 96, 155-8, 176-8, 192
morality, 56
MORGAN, C. L., 192
motion, 6-7, 51, 53-5, 63, 65-9, 74, 80-1, 90, 94, 96-8, 105-6, 109-10, 114-21, 138, 142-4, 150, 182, 199-200, 205-8, 214-18, ch. 7, 238, 240, 242, 247
motor function, see motion, viii, 43-4, 68, 106-7, 143-4, 205-10, ch. 7
MUELLER, J., x, 5-6, 77n-78n, 88-94, 96n, 111-12, 115-21, 174, 200, 206-7, 220, 235
MUNK, H., 46, 235, 245
MURPHY, G., 119, 193
muscle sense, 97-8, 106, 114-15
‘mutilation’, see ablation
NAPOLEON, 56, 77, 91n
National Hospital, Queen Square, 197, 244
natural classification of functions, see units of analysis, viii, 185
____ identify of interest, 154, 158-9, 170
____ selection, 187-90
____ theology, 8, 158n, 167, 175-6, 179
Naturalistic method, ix, 4, 37, 45, 58, 70, 73, 87, 128, 140, 184, 252
NEMESIUS, 10
neurology, 6, ch. 4. 150, ch. 6
neurone theory, 230
neurosurgery, 243-5
‘new phrenology’, see ‘scientific phrenology’, 55, 240, 243
NEWTON, Sir F., see Newtonianism
Newtonianism, I, 8, 75, 96
NOBLE, D., 212n
277
OLMSTED, J. M. D., xi, 57-8, 74-80
one-to-one correlation, 4, 31, 33, 36-7, 203
operant, see law of effect, 193
optic layers, 67
organic analogy, see functional psychology, 153, 158-62, 160n, 167, 200, 250
OWEN, R., 230
PALEY, W., 155-6
palmistry, 10
paralysis, 68, 138, 143, 147, 221, 227, 233, 244
Parkinsonism, 217
passions, see emotions, 11, 96, 176
passivity, see sensationalism, 184, 195
PASTEUR, L., 78
PAVLOV, I. P., 193
perception, 66-9, 69n, 70, 84, 85n, 86-7, 213, 217
peripheral nerves, 58, 64-6, 68, 93, 96, 201
personality, see character
Philosophic Radicalism, see Utilitarianism, 154
Phrenological Journal, 34n, 108n, 124, 152
Phrenological Newsletter, 48
phrenology, see ‘ scientific phrenology’, xi, 3, 6, ch. 1, 54-6, 70, 88, 88n, 104-8, 113, 121-35, 138-41, 146, 150-62, 164, 167, 169-70, 178, 181, 189, 196n, 200-3, 212n, 234, 238n, 239-40, 242-3, 243n, 250-1
phreno-mesmerism, 44, 152
physiognomy, 10, 13-14, 19, 33, 33n, 136
physiological division of labour, 160, 162, 168, 168n, 201-2
PINEL, P., 36, 57, 81, 135n
PLATO, vi, 10, 15-16, 180
pleasure-pain principle, 15, 95, 98, 115, 124, 126-7, 154, 176, 180, 187, 213
pneumatic physiology, see ventricular localization, 10
POPE, A., 130
PORTAL, A., 57, 81
pragmatism, see functional psychology,
James, 194
PROCHASKA, G., 11
progress, 170
psychoanalysis, see Freud, x
psychophysical parallelism, 96, 196n, 208-9, 233, 246
putamen, 217
puzzle-box method, see Thorndike, 192
pyramidal tract, 23, 217-19
Quadrigeminal tubercles, 64, 67-8, 87, 111
QUAIN, J., 103
Reflex, x, 111, 120, 175, 178-9, 187, 190, 193, 204, 212n, 226, 232, 236
REID, T., see Scottish faculty psychology, 21-2, 100, 102, 122
REIL, J. C., 96n, 116
religion, see natural theology, 16n, 56, 74, 82
REMAK, R., 89
respiration, 58, 63, 67, 78
RIBOT, T., 119, 128, 131, 169
RICHERAND, A. B., 76
ROBERTSON, G. C., 234, 239-40
ROLANDO, L., 27, 51, 59-60, 68
ROLLESTON, G., 237
ROMANES, G. J., 35, 177, 191-2
ROMMEL, P., 135
Royal Society, 147, 212, 236-7, 239, 242
RUMBALL, J. Q., 151
RUTHERFORD, W., 239
SABATIER, 81
SAINT-HILAIRE, E. G., 56
SANDERSON, J. B., 234
SAUCEROTTE, N., 59
SCHAFER, E. A., 235
SCHIFF, M., 225
SCHMIDT, J., 135
SCHOPENHAUER, A., 133n
SCHWANN, T., 89
‘Scientific phrenology’, 234, 236, 243
Scottish faculty psychology, see Reid,
Stewart, Brown, 97, 156-7
SEDGEWICK, A., 10
sensation, viii, 2, 51, 53-5, 61-9, 69n, 74, 79-80, 84-6, 102, 110, 112-13, 125-6, 177, 199-200, 213-14, 216-17, 226, 232-3, 235, 240-2, 247
sensationalism, 3, 5, 13, 15, 53, 72, 84, 95-7, 173-5, 177-8, 180, 185-6, 195, 217
senses, see sensation, 7, 27, 68, 97-8, 105, 115, 127-8
sensory-motor paradigm, ix, 4, 53-4, 69-70, 74, 84, 87, 90, 92-3, 111-13, 116, 120-1, 149, 193, 199, 202, 216, ch. 8, 249
____ physiology, viii, x, 5-6, 31, 49n, 53, ch. 2, 74, 101-3, 114, 148, 150, 195, ch. 6, ch. 7, 241-2
____ psychophysiology, 7, 53, 84, 94, 102, 114, 120, 149, 190, 193-6, ch. 6, ch. 7, ch. 8
sexual instinct, 47-8, 51, 104, 156, 183
SHARPEY, W., 103, 116n, 121
SHERRINGTON, C. S., 46, 236, 245
SINGER, C., 150
SKINNER, B. F., see operant, 193
SMITH, R., 204n, 211n
social Darwinism, 154, 196n
Société Anatomique, 141, 145
Société d’Anthropologie, 139-40
Société Phrénologique, 137
specific energies of nervous, 225, 235
spinal cord, 5, 49, 64, 66-8, 81, 83, 87, 96, 199, 201, 204, 201, 204, 210, 215, 218, 225
_____ nerve roots, see Bell-Magendie law, 5, 58, 87, 106, 111, 146, 201-2
spino-thalamic tract, 216
SPENCER, H., x, 6-8, 94, 96, 99n, 101, 108, 110, 119-21, 128, 132, 149, ch. 5, 197-204, 207, 209, 211, 219-20, 223-4, 233, 236, 240, 243, 246-7, 249-51
SPURZHEIM, J. C., 9, 24-5, 43, 46, 56, 80, 106, 122, 124, 151, 154, 157, 170, 238n, 239
stereotaxis, 230n
STEWART, D., see Scottish faculty psychology, 21, 22, 100, 102, 122, 129
stimulation, see electrical excitability, 23, 43-4, 48n, 52, 59, 60, 67, 91, 113, 214, 218, 222, ch. 7, ch. 8
STOUT, G. F., 101
STRATON, J., 122
Tabula rasa, see sensationalism, 15, 181, 195
‘Tan’ (LEBORGNE), 140, 144-5
TAYLOR, J., 198n
TEMKIN, O., xi
TENON, J. R., 25, 81
thalamo-cortical tract, 216, 219
thalamus, optic, 87, 91, 111-13, 211, 213, 215-17, 227
THORNDIKE, E. L., 41, 62, 192-3
THORWALD, J., xi, 240n, 243-4
TODD, R. B., 103, 111-13, 121, 207, 210-11, 213, 218
TRACY, A. L. C. D. de, 15, 83, 97
tumour, cerebral, 243-4
Unconscious cerebration, 212
units of analysis, viii-ix, 4, 32, 35, 64, 71, 144, 249, 251-2
University College, London, 211
Utilitarianism, 95-6, 98, 153-9, 169
VALLOIS, H. V., vii, 34n
ventricular localization, 2, 10, 220n
verbal memory, see aphasia, articulate language
VESALIUS, 10, 93
VIRCHOW, R. L. C., 89
vitalism, 75-6, 89
volition, see will
WALLACE, A. R., 44, 152n, 243n
WARD, J., 132n-133n
WARREN, H. C., 119
WATSON, J. B., see behaviourism, 193, 207n
WEBER, E. H., 225
WEISCRANTZ, L., 32
WEISMANN, A., 188, 188n
WERNICKE, K., 146n
West Riding Lunatic Asylum, 214, 215n, 238, 238n, 244
Westminster Review, 165
WHEWELL, W., 163
white matter, 23, 30, 96, 217
WHITEHEAD, A. N., 1
will, 5, 52, 66-7, 69-70, 74, 81-2, 84, 86-7, 98, 104-7, 109-10, 112-13, 115-17, 120, 125-7, 181, 184, 207-8, 210, 213-14, 218-19, 221, 225-6, 232-3, 239, 241-2, 241n
WILLIAMS, H. M., 43, 243n
WILLIS, T., 220n
WOLFF, C., 22
ZANGWILL, O. L., xi, 70n, 142n, 246, 252
ZINN, J. G., 51, 59, 227
Zoist, The, 152-3